php-in-php: delete StringStripTagsStandaloneLlvm — AOT standalone via StripTagsJitHelper (#9746)

[PurHur]

Summary

• Delete lib/JIT/Builtin/StringStripTagsStandaloneLlvm.php (~978 lines LLVM) — standalone AOT now uses the same thin __compiler_strip_tags bridge + compiled PHP helper as JIT (php-in-php: JIT StringStripTagsJit — route strip_tags() through VmString PHP not superglobals_refresh LLVM (#1492) #9196 pattern, php-in-php: AOT LastErrorRuntimeLlvm — route standalone error_get_last through ErrorLastJitHelper PHP not LLVM globals (#1492) #9607/php-in-php: AOT CloneWithReinitRuntimeLlvm — route standalone clone-with reinit through CloneWithJitHelper PHP (#1492) #9717).
• StripTagsJitHelper::stripTags() delegates to VmString::stripTags() so nested standalone JIT can compile the helper without loop/substr lowering blockers.
• Update spine, shrink tests, bootstrap inventory/profile.

Closes #9746

php-src reference

• ext/standard/string.c — PHP_FUNCTION(strip_tags) / php_strip_tags_ex
• PHP SSOT: ext/standard/VmString.php + StripTagsJitHelper.php

Lines removed

• 978 lines deleted from StringStripTagsStandaloneLlvm.php (file removed)
• ~140 lines removed from self-contained duplicate logic in StripTagsJitHelper.php (now delegates)

Verification

./script/docker-exec.sh -- ./vendor/bin/phpunit --filter 'StripTags|SuperglobalsStripTags'
# OK (5 tests, 14 assertions)

./script/docker-exec.sh -- php bin/jit.php -r 'echo strip_tags("<b>x</b><script>y</script>", "<b>");'
# <b>x</b>y

php script/check-selfhost-spine-coverage-sync.php
# OK (spine covers all 3006 inventory files)

php script/bootstrap-inventory.php --check
# OK 3006/3006

Note: AotTest::testCases strip_tags was already failing on master (LLVM module verify / session globals) before this change; VM + JIT compliance strip_tags cases remain green.