feat: add Python stdlib bindings for logging, random, and expand string module

[dbrattli]

Summary

• Add logging module with Logger, Handler, Formatter classes and Level constants (DEBUG, INFO, WARNING, ERROR, CRITICAL)
• Add random module with seed, random, uniform, choice, sample, shuffle, and distribution functions (gauss, normalvariate, etc.)
• Expand string module with Template class, constants (ascii_letters, digits, hexdigits, punctuation, etc.), and capwords function
• Add builtins.bytes function for converting F# byte arrays to Python bytes
• Fix sys module to use ResizeArray for argv/path and add int() conversion for exit
• Add comprehensive tests for all new modules (14 new test files for logging, 18 for random, 17 for string, 13 for base64, 24 for math, 10 for asyncio)

Test plan

• All 191 tests pass with just test-python
• Logging module correctly handles F# Int32 level values with int() conversion
• Random module correctly handles F# Int32/arrays with appropriate conversions
• String module Template class works with F# anonymous records as mapping

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