Stdlib: getopt() CLI option parsing (#3251)

[PurHur]

Summary

• Implement getopt() in PHP (ext/standard/GetoptEngine.php + getopt.php) parsing SAPI argv snapshot (Context::$cliRequestArgv) for Zend parity with ext/standard/php_getopt.c.
• Register builtin in ext/standard/Module.php; JIT/AOT VM-only v1 (throws LogicException).
• Add compliance .phpt, GetoptVMTest, and test/repro/maintainer-getopt.php.

Closes #3251

php-src reference

• ext/standard/php_getopt.c / php_getopt.h
• ext/standard/basic_functions.c — PHP_FUNCTION(getopt)

Verification

./script/docker-exec.sh -- bash -lc 'source script/php-env.sh && php bin/vm.php -r "var_export(function_exists(\"getopt\"));"'
# bool(true)

./script/docker-exec.sh -- bash -lc 'source script/php-env.sh && php bin/vm.php test/repro/maintainer-getopt.php -a -b BVAL --help --output=out.txt --output out2.txt'
# array (
#   'a' => false,
#   'b' => 'BVAL',
#   'help' => false,
#   'output' => array (0 => 'out.txt', 1 => 'out2.txt'),
# )

./script/docker-exec.sh -- bash -lc 'source script/php-env.sh && vendor/bin/phpunit --filter getopt'
# OK (2 tests)

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