diff --git a/compiler/rustc_incremental/src/persist/file_format.rs b/compiler/rustc_incremental/src/persist/file_format.rs
index 853a5c9ba7ab0..0e4102e54b77f 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_incremental/src/persist/file_format.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_incremental/src/persist/file_format.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ use crate::diagnostics;
 const FILE_MAGIC: &[u8] = b"RSIC";
 
 /// Change this if the header format changes.
-const HEADER_FORMAT_VERSION: u16 = 0;
+const HEADER_FORMAT_VERSION: u16 = 1;
 
 pub(crate) fn write_file_header(stream: &mut FileEncoder<'_>, sess: &Session) {
     stream.emit_raw_bytes(FILE_MAGIC);
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/dep_graph/dep_node.rs b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/dep_graph/dep_node.rs
index b6fda22775c2a..c52e3732a6047 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/dep_graph/dep_node.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/dep_graph/dep_node.rs
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ use rustc_data_structures::stable_hash::{StableHasher, StableOrd};
 use rustc_hir::def_id::DefId;
 use rustc_hir::definitions::DefPathHash;
 use rustc_macros::{Decodable, Encodable, StableHash};
+use rustc_serialize::{Decodable, Decoder, Encodable, Encoder};
 use rustc_span::Symbol;
 
 use super::{DepNodeIndex, KeyFingerprintStyle, SerializedDepNodeIndex};
@@ -152,6 +153,25 @@ impl fmt::Debug for DepNode {
     }
 }
 
+// `DepKind` is encoded as its `u16` discriminant, which is only meaningful to
+// the compiler build that assigned it, so anything containing an encoded
+// `DepNode` must be discarded on version mismatch.
+impl<E: Encoder> Encodable<E> for DepNode {
+    fn encode(&self, e: &mut E) {
+        e.emit_u16(self.kind.as_u16());
+        self.key_fingerprint.encode(e);
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D: Decoder> Decodable<D> for DepNode {
+    fn decode(d: &mut D) -> Self {
+        DepNode {
+            kind: DepKind::from_u16(d.read_u16()),
+            key_fingerprint: PackedFingerprint::decode(d),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// This struct stores function pointers and other metadata for a particular DepKind.
 ///
 /// Information is retrieved by indexing the `DEP_KINDS` array using the integer value
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/on_disk_cache.rs b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/on_disk_cache.rs
index 1dd510da06886..d59211f25b78f 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/on_disk_cache.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/on_disk_cache.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use rustc_span::{
     SourceFile, Span, SpanDecoder, SpanEncoder, Spanned, StableSourceFileId, Symbol,
 };
 
-use crate::dep_graph::{DepNodeIndex, QuerySideEffect, SerializedDepNodeIndex};
+use crate::dep_graph::{DepNode, DepNodeIndex, QuerySideEffect, SerializedDepNodeIndex};
 use crate::mir::interpret::{AllocDecodingSession, AllocDecodingState};
 use crate::mir::{self, interpret};
 use crate::mono::MonoItem;
@@ -330,8 +330,10 @@ impl OnDiskCache {
         tcx: TyCtxt<'_>,
         dep_node_index: SerializedDepNodeIndex,
     ) -> Option<QuerySideEffect> {
+        // Side-effect nodes are exempt from the `(kind, key_fingerprint)`
+        // uniqueness guarantee, so their values are tagged with the index.
         let side_effect: Option<QuerySideEffect> =
-            self.load_indexed(tcx, dep_node_index, &self.side_effects_index);
+            self.load_indexed(tcx, dep_node_index, &self.side_effects_index, dep_node_index);
         side_effect
     }
 
@@ -347,24 +349,29 @@ impl OnDiskCache {
         &self,
         tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
         dep_node_index: SerializedDepNodeIndex,
+        node: DepNode,
     ) -> Option<T>
     where
         T: for<'a> Decodable<CacheDecoder<'a, 'tcx>>,
     {
-        self.load_indexed(tcx, dep_node_index, &self.query_values_index)
+        // See `encode_query_value` for why values are tagged with the node
+        // itself instead of its index.
+        self.load_indexed(tcx, dep_node_index, &self.query_values_index, node)
     }
 
-    fn load_indexed<'tcx, T>(
+    fn load_indexed<'tcx, T, Tag>(
         &self,
         tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
         dep_node_index: SerializedDepNodeIndex,
         index: &FxHashMap<SerializedDepNodeIndex, AbsoluteBytePos>,
+        expected_tag: Tag,
     ) -> Option<T>
     where
         T: for<'a> Decodable<CacheDecoder<'a, 'tcx>>,
+        Tag: for<'a> Decodable<CacheDecoder<'a, 'tcx>> + Eq + fmt::Debug,
     {
         let pos = index.get(&dep_node_index).cloned()?;
-        let value = self.with_decoder(tcx, pos, |decoder| decode_tagged(decoder, dep_node_index));
+        let value = self.with_decoder(tcx, pos, |decoder| decode_tagged(decoder, expected_tag));
         Some(value)
     }
 
@@ -825,11 +832,20 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> CacheEncoder<'a, 'tcx> {
         ((end_pos - start_pos) as u64).encode(self);
     }
 
-    pub fn encode_query_value<V: Encodable<Self>>(&mut self, index: DepNodeIndex, value: &V) {
+    pub fn encode_query_value<V: Encodable<Self>>(
+        &mut self,
+        index: DepNodeIndex,
+        node: DepNode,
+        value: &V,
+    ) {
         let index = SerializedDepNodeIndex::from_curr_for_serialization(index);
 
         self.query_values_index.push((index, AbsoluteBytePos::new(self.position())));
-        self.encode_tagged(index, value);
+        // The tag lets the load path check that the bytes at this position
+        // belong to the node it asked for. Unlike the index the position is
+        // looked up by, the node identifies the value across sessions: indices
+        // are reassigned per session, `(kind, key_fingerprint)` is stable.
+        self.encode_tagged(node, value);
     }
 
     fn encode_side_effect(&mut self, index: DepNodeIndex, side_effect: &QuerySideEffect) {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/plumbing.rs b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/plumbing.rs
index 2e121f0246b29..2b22f5fd8cf0a 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/plumbing.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/plumbing.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use rustc_errors::Diag;
 use rustc_hir::def_id::LocalDefId;
 use rustc_span::Span;
 
-use crate::dep_graph::{DepKind, DepNodeIndex, QuerySideEffect, SerializedDepNodeIndex};
+use crate::dep_graph::{DepKind, DepNode, DepNodeIndex, QuerySideEffect, SerializedDepNodeIndex};
 use crate::ich::StableHashState;
 use crate::queries::{ExternProviders, Providers, QueryArenas, QueryVTables, TaggedQueryKey};
 use crate::query::on_disk_cache::OnDiskCache;
@@ -93,8 +93,11 @@ pub struct QueryVTable<'tcx, C: QueryCache> {
     /// Function pointer that tries to load a query value from disk.
     ///
     /// This should only be called after a successful check of [`Self::will_cache_on_disk_for_key`].
-    pub try_load_from_disk_fn:
-        fn(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, prev_index: SerializedDepNodeIndex) -> Option<C::Value>,
+    pub try_load_from_disk_fn: fn(
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        prev_index: SerializedDepNodeIndex,
+        node: DepNode,
+    ) -> Option<C::Value>,
 
     /// Function pointer that hashes this query's result values.
     ///
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_query_impl/src/execution.rs b/compiler/rustc_query_impl/src/execution.rs
index a9192d0417712..8d775e50906fc 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_query_impl/src/execution.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_query_impl/src/execution.rs
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ fn load_from_disk_or_invoke_provider_green<'tcx, C: QueryCache>(
     // First try to load the result from the on-disk cache. Some things are never cached on disk.
     let try_value = if query.will_cache_on_disk_for_key(key) {
         let prof_timer = tcx.prof.incr_cache_loading();
-        let value = (query.try_load_from_disk_fn)(tcx, prev_index);
+        let value = (query.try_load_from_disk_fn)(tcx, prev_index, *dep_node);
         prof_timer.finish_with_query_invocation_id(dep_node_index.into());
         value
     } else {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_query_impl/src/plumbing.rs b/compiler/rustc_query_impl/src/plumbing.rs
index c53293447040b..8248ba2e0228e 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_query_impl/src/plumbing.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_query_impl/src/plumbing.rs
@@ -95,7 +95,8 @@ fn encode_query_values_inner<'a, 'tcx, C, V>(
     assert!(all_inactive(&query.state));
     query.cache.for_each(&mut |key, value, dep_node| {
         if query.will_cache_on_disk_for_key(*key) {
-            encoder.encode_query_value::<V>(dep_node, &erase::restore_val::<V>(*value));
+            let node = DepNode::construct(tcx, query.dep_kind, key);
+            encoder.encode_query_value::<V>(dep_node, node, &erase::restore_val::<V>(*value));
         }
     });
 }
@@ -169,7 +170,8 @@ pub(crate) fn promote_from_disk_inner<'tcx, C: QueryCache>(
         tcx.dep_graph.data().expect("should always be present in incremental mode");
 
     let prof_timer = tcx.prof.incr_cache_loading();
-    let value = ensure_sufficient_stack(|| (query.try_load_from_disk_fn)(tcx, prev_index));
+    let value =
+        ensure_sufficient_stack(|| (query.try_load_from_disk_fn)(tcx, prev_index, dep_node));
     prof_timer.finish_with_query_invocation_id(dep_node_index.into());
 
     let Some(value) = value else {
@@ -197,6 +199,7 @@ pub(crate) fn promote_from_disk_inner<'tcx, C: QueryCache>(
 pub(crate) fn try_load_from_disk<'tcx, V>(
     tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
     prev_index: SerializedDepNodeIndex,
+    node: DepNode,
 ) -> Option<V>
 where
     V: for<'a> Decodable<CacheDecoder<'a, 'tcx>>,
@@ -206,5 +209,6 @@ where
     // The call to `with_query_deserialization` enforces that no new `DepNodes`
     // are created during deserialization. See the docs of that method for more
     // details.
-    tcx.dep_graph.with_query_deserialization(|| on_disk_cache.try_load_query_value(tcx, prev_index))
+    tcx.dep_graph
+        .with_query_deserialization(|| on_disk_cache.try_load_query_value(tcx, prev_index, node))
 }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_query_impl/src/query_impl.rs b/compiler/rustc_query_impl/src/query_impl.rs
index 3720d9fd80547..1e8f6f4c48d09 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_query_impl/src/query_impl.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_query_impl/src/query_impl.rs
@@ -145,17 +145,17 @@ macro_rules! define_queries {
                         invoke_provider_fn: self::invoke_provider_fn::__rust_begin_short_backtrace,
 
                         #[cfg($cache_on_disk)]
-                        try_load_from_disk_fn: |tcx, prev_index| {
+                        try_load_from_disk_fn: |tcx, prev_index, node| {
                             use rustc_middle::queries::$name::{ProvidedValue, provided_to_erased};
 
                             let loaded_value: ProvidedValue<'tcx> =
-                                $crate::plumbing::try_load_from_disk(tcx, prev_index)?;
+                                $crate::plumbing::try_load_from_disk(tcx, prev_index, node)?;
 
                             // Arena-alloc the value if appropriate, and erase it.
                             Some(provided_to_erased(tcx, loaded_value))
                         },
                         #[cfg(not($cache_on_disk))]
-                        try_load_from_disk_fn: |_tcx, _prev_index| None,
+                        try_load_from_disk_fn: |_tcx, _prev_index, _node| None,
 
                         #[cfg($handle_cycle_error)]
                         handle_cycle_error_fn: |tcx, key, cycle, err| {