feat: publish --access=private alias for restricted - #9416
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## Summary Adds `private` as a valid value for `--access` in `npm publish`, as an alias for `restricted`. ## Motivation The `--access` flag on `npm publish` currently accepts `restricted` and `public`. However, in everyday usage, the npm community colloquially refers to non-public packages as "private packages" — not "restricted packages." The npm website, the npm registry, and `npm access` all use the term "private" to describe these packages. ### `npm publish --access` vs `npm access` These are two different commands that deal with package visibility in different ways: - **`npm publish --access=<public|restricted>`** sets the visibility of a package **at publish time**. This is only relevant for scoped packages, where the default for new packages is `public`. - **`npm access set status=<public|private>`** changes the visibility of an **already published** package. Notably, `npm access` already uses `private` (not `restricted`) as its term for non-public packages. This inconsistency means that a user who runs `npm access set status=private` might naturally try `npm publish --access=private` and get an error. Since everyone already calls them "private packages," the CLI should accept that term too. This PR resolves that by accepting `private` as a synonym for `restricted` during publish. ## Changes - Added `private` to the valid values for the `access` config definition - The `flatten` function maps `private` → `restricted` so the registry always receives `restricted` - Updated documentation to note that `private` is an alias for `restricted` - Added tests for the `--access=private` flow --------- Co-authored-by: Copilot <223556219+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com> (cherry picked from commit c9be2d1)
reggi
approved these changes
May 27, 2026
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Jul 30, 2026
##### [v11.18.0](npm/cli@v11.17.0...fef2b13) ##### [v11.17.0](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/v11.17.0) ##### Features - [`ae8ac4e`](npm/cli@ae8ac4e) [#9534](npm/cli#9534) add min-release-age-exclude config ([@JamieMagee](https://github.com/JamieMagee), [@caseyjhol](https://github.com/caseyjhol)) - [`8ff3e48`](npm/cli@8ff3e48) [#9483](npm/cli#9483) allowScripts tooling and inBundle hardening ([#9483](npm/cli#9483)) ([@github-actions](https://github.com/github-actions)\[bot], [@JamieMagee](https://github.com/JamieMagee)) ##### Bug Fixes - [`847cdf8`](npm/cli@847cdf8) [#9541](npm/cli#9541) match dotted and versioned args in approve-scripts/deny-scripts ([@owlstronaut](https://github.com/owlstronaut)) - [`d99f7cb`](npm/cli@d99f7cb) [#9535](npm/cli#9535) emit valid JSON from approve-scripts/deny-scripts --json ([@owlstronaut](https://github.com/owlstronaut)) - [`351a309`](npm/cli@351a309) [#9499](npm/cli#9499) pass script-shell to publish lifecycle hooks ([#9499](npm/cli#9499)) ([@github-actions](https://github.com/github-actions)\[bot]) - [`4fa81df`](npm/cli@4fa81df) [#9497](npm/cli#9497) recognize allowScripts for local link targets ([#9497](npm/cli#9497)) ([@github-actions](https://github.com/github-actions)\[bot], [@cyphercodes](https://github.com/cyphercodes), [@cyphercodes](https://github.com/cyphercodes)) - [`95cf2e9`](npm/cli@95cf2e9) [#9489](npm/cli#9489) validate registry path for allow-remote tarballs ([@Abhinav-143x](https://github.com/Abhinav-143x)) - [`9dd219b`](npm/cli@9dd219b) [#9462](npm/cli#9462) respect allowScripts policy in prune, dedupe, uninstall, audit, and link ([#9462](npm/cli#9462)) ([@github-actions](https://github.com/github-actions)\[bot], [@JamieMagee](https://github.com/JamieMagee)) - [`cd8d18a`](npm/cli@cd8d18a) [#9482](npm/cli#9482) list pending scripts in approve-scripts when ignore-scripts is set ([#9482](npm/cli#9482)) ([@github-actions](https://github.com/github-actions)\[bot], [@JamieMagee](https://github.com/JamieMagee)) - [`c14e87c`](npm/cli@c14e87c) [#9481](npm/cli#9481) suggest --allow-scripts for global installs in unreviewed-scripts warnings ([#9481](npm/cli#9481)) ([@github-actions](https://github.com/github-actions)\[bot], [@JamieMagee](https://github.com/JamieMagee)) - [`7ade52e`](npm/cli@7ade52e) [#9465](npm/cli#9465) invalid issue template YAML indentation ([#9465](npm/cli#9465)) ([@github-actions](https://github.com/github-actions)\[bot], [@fallintoplace](https://github.com/fallintoplace)) - [`c069622`](npm/cli@c069622) [#9464](npm/cli#9464) show full parent command path in subcommand usage errors ([#9464](npm/cli#9464)) ([@owlstronaut](https://github.com/owlstronaut)) - [`1bb62bb`](npm/cli@1bb62bb) [#9454](npm/cli#9454) config: clarify --all help so it's accurate for approve-scripts and deny-scripts ([@JamieMagee](https://github.com/JamieMagee)) - [`84eeb5f`](npm/cli@84eeb5f) [#9431](npm/cli#9431) audit: don't apply min-release-age before filter when verifying installed signatures ([@JamieMagee](https://github.com/JamieMagee)) - [`3bd3377`](npm/cli@3bd3377) [#9426](npm/cli#9426) block forbidden keys in Queryable setter to prevent prototype pollution ([@12122J](https://github.com/12122J), [@claude](https://github.com/claude)) ##### Documentation - [`a86a7a9`](npm/cli@a86a7a9) [#9522](npm/cli#9522) approve-scripts only throws EGLOBAL when run with -g ([@JamieMagee](https://github.com/JamieMagee)) - [`693bb3d`](npm/cli@693bb3d) [#9508](npm/cli#9508) clarify package.json override value specs ([#9508](npm/cli#9508)) ([@github-actions](https://github.com/github-actions)\[bot], [@ded-furby](https://github.com/ded-furby)) - [`ccffe4a`](npm/cli@ccffe4a) [#9501](npm/cli#9501) use the latest version for global update and outdated's `wanted` ([#9501](npm/cli#9501)) ([@github-actions](https://github.com/github-actions)\[bot], [@liangmiQwQ](https://github.com/liangmiQwQ)) - [`66e97c2`](npm/cli@66e97c2) [#9478](npm/cli#9478) update minimum npm required for npm trust ([@meeech](https://github.com/meeech)) ##### Dependencies - [`bd09b87`](npm/cli@bd09b87) [#9542](npm/cli#9542) `postcss-selector-parser@7.1.4` - [`95bfc4c`](npm/cli@95bfc4c) [#9542](npm/cli#9542) `tinyglobby@0.2.17` - [`8c0d5fd`](npm/cli@8c0d5fd) [#9542](npm/cli#9542) `tar@7.5.16` - [`967d377`](npm/cli@967d377) [#9542](npm/cli#9542) `semver@7.8.4` - [`cdaac1b`](npm/cli@cdaac1b) [#9542](npm/cli#9542) `pacote@21.5.1` - [`25c8a9e`](npm/cli@25c8a9e) [#9542](npm/cli#9542) `node-gyp@12.4.0` ##### Chores - [`2922fa4`](npm/cli@2922fa4) [#9542](npm/cli#9542) dev dependency updates ([@owlstronaut](https://github.com/owlstronaut)) - [workspace](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/arborist-v9.8.0): `@npmcli/arborist@9.8.0` - [workspace](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/config-v10.11.0): `@npmcli/config@10.11.0` - [workspace](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/libnpmdiff-v8.1.10): `libnpmdiff@8.1.10` - [workspace](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/libnpmexec-v10.3.0): `libnpmexec@10.3.0` - [workspace](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/libnpmfund-v7.0.24): `libnpmfund@7.0.24` - [workspace](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/libnpmpack-v9.1.10): `libnpmpack@9.1.10` ##### [v11.16.0](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/v11.16.0) ##### Features - [`4b67f6e`](npm/cli@4b67f6e) [#9416](npm/cli#9416) publish --access=private alias for restricted ([#9416](npm/cli#9416)) ([@github-actions](https://github.com/github-actions)\[bot], [@reggi](https://github.com/reggi), [@Copilot](https://github.com/Copilot)) - [`a10c7ca`](npm/cli@a10c7ca) [#9415](npm/cli#9415) Phase 1 of `allowScripts` opt-in install-script policy ([#9360](npm/cli#9360)) ([#9415](npm/cli#9415)) ([@owlstronaut](https://github.com/owlstronaut), [@JamieMagee](https://github.com/JamieMagee)) ##### Bug Fixes - [`1f7869b`](npm/cli@1f7869b) [#9411](npm/cli#9411) fix typo of fullMetadata ([@owlstronaut](https://github.com/owlstronaut)) - [`cde03ba`](npm/cli@cde03ba) [#9390](npm/cli#9390) config: pause progress spinner during interactive editor spawn ([#9388](npm/cli#9388)) ([@github-actions](https://github.com/github-actions)\[bot], [@Zelys-DFKH](https://github.com/Zelys-DFKH), [@claude](https://github.com/claude)) ##### Documentation - [`c5e9d73`](npm/cli@c5e9d73) [#9390](npm/cli#9390) Document `npm_old_version` and `npm_new_version` environment variables ([#9389](npm/cli#9389)) ([@github-actions](https://github.com/github-actions)\[bot], [@36degrees](https://github.com/36degrees)) ##### Dependencies - [`cdd7bbc`](npm/cli@cdd7bbc) [#9421](npm/cli#9421) `undici@6.26.0` - [`fde87c9`](npm/cli@fde87c9) [#9421](npm/cli#9421) `sigstore@4.1.1` - [`2779793`](npm/cli@2779793) [#9421](npm/cli#9421) `lru-cache@11.5.1` - [`dea702d`](npm/cli@dea702d) [#9421](npm/cli#9421) `@sigstore/verify@3.1.1` - [`4eab03f`](npm/cli@4eab03f) [#9421](npm/cli#9421) `@sigstore/core@3.2.1` - [`74c7323`](npm/cli@74c7323) [#9421](npm/cli#9421) `@npmcli/agent@4.0.2` - [`edc4ab3`](npm/cli@edc4ab3) [#9421](npm/cli#9421) `semver@7.8.1` - [`5f6ce33`](npm/cli@5f6ce33) [#9421](npm/cli#9421) `make-fetch-happen@15.0.6` ##### Chores - [`bd04976`](npm/cli@bd04976) [#9421](npm/cli#9421) dev dependency updates ([@owlstronaut](https://github.com/owlstronaut)) - [`aeceb23`](npm/cli@aeceb23) [#9407](npm/cli#9407) sanitize newlines in flags table default and type values ([#9407](npm/cli#9407)) ([@reggi](https://github.com/reggi), [@Copilot](https://github.com/Copilot)) - [workspace](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/arborist-v9.7.0): `@npmcli/arborist@9.7.0` - [workspace](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/config-v10.10.0): `@npmcli/config@10.10.0` - [workspace](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/libnpmdiff-v8.1.9): `libnpmdiff@8.1.9` - [workspace](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/libnpmexec-v10.2.9): `libnpmexec@10.2.9` - [workspace](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/libnpmfund-v7.0.23): `libnpmfund@7.0.23` - [workspace](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/libnpmpack-v9.1.9): `libnpmpack@9.1.9` - [workspace](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/libnpmversion-v8.0.4): `libnpmversion@8.0.4` ##### [v11.15.0](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/v11.15.0) ##### Features - [`0d5d899`](npm/cli@0d5d899) [#9379](npm/cli#9379) npm stage ([@reggi](https://github.com/reggi), [@Copilot](https://github.com/Copilot)) - [`1433740`](npm/cli@1433740) [#9376](npm/cli#9376) add permissions support to trust commands ([#9376](npm/cli#9376)) ([@github-actions](https://github.com/github-actions)\[bot], [@reggi](https://github.com/reggi), [@Copilot](https://github.com/Copilot)) - [`8df10f5`](npm/cli@8df10f5) [#9339](npm/cli#9339) add allow-git/allow-file/allow-directory/allow-remote configs ([@owlstronaut](https://github.com/owlstronaut)) ##### Bug Fixes - [`39b625e`](npm/cli@39b625e) [#9381](npm/cli#9381) key stage download --json output by package name ([#9381](npm/cli#9381)) ([@reggi](https://github.com/reggi), [@Copilot](https://github.com/Copilot)) - [`6aa332d`](npm/cli@6aa332d) [#9339](npm/cli#9339) allow min-release-age in npmrc to coexist with --before ([@raazkhnl](https://github.com/raazkhnl)) - [`468550f`](npm/cli@468550f) [#9339](npm/cli#9339) refactor #failureNode, adjust tests and safety ([@owlstronaut](https://github.com/owlstronaut)) - [`cabe249`](npm/cli@cabe249) [#9339](npm/cli#9339) allow-remote=none does not block registry tarballs ([@owlstronaut](https://github.com/owlstronaut)) ##### Dependencies - [`8416a60`](npm/cli@8416a60) [#9383](npm/cli#9383) `socks@2.8.9` - [`5e5a25b`](npm/cli@5e5a25b) [#9383](npm/cli#9383) `lru-cache@11.5.0` - [`a6f9ad2`](npm/cli@a6f9ad2) [#9383](npm/cli#9383) `ip-address@10.2.0` - [`63f8114`](npm/cli@63f8114) [#9383](npm/cli#9383) `brace-expansion@5.0.6` - [`6918b4c`](npm/cli@6918b4c) [#9383](npm/cli#9383) `bin-links@6.0.2` - [`bf84079`](npm/cli@bf84079) [#9383](npm/cli#9383) `tar@7.5.15` - [`bdef82c`](npm/cli@bdef82c) [#9383](npm/cli#9383) `semver@7.8.0` - [`3f38a67`](npm/cli@3f38a67) [#9383](npm/cli#9383) `hosted-git-info@9.0.3` ##### Chores - [`816f3bf`](npm/cli@816f3bf) [#9383](npm/cli#9383) dev dependency updates ([@owlstronaut](https://github.com/owlstronaut)) - [workspace](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/arborist-v9.6.0): `@npmcli/arborist@9.6.0` - [workspace](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/config-v10.9.1): `@npmcli/config@10.9.1` - [workspace](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/libnpmdiff-v8.1.8): `libnpmdiff@8.1.8` - [workspace](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/libnpmexec-v10.2.8): `libnpmexec@10.2.8` - [workspace](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/libnpmfund-v7.0.22): `libnpmfund@7.0.22` - [workspace](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/libnpmpack-v9.1.8): `libnpmpack@9.1.8` - [workspace](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/libnpmpublish-v11.2.0): `libnpmpublish@11.2.0` ##### [v11.14.1](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/v11.14.1) ##### Bug Fixes - [`dca12cb`](npm/cli@dca12cb) [#9328](npm/cli#9328) remove settings ([#9328](npm/cli#9328)) ([@github-actions](https://github.com/github-actions)\[bot], [@owlstronaut](https://github.com/owlstronaut)) ##### [v11.14.0](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/v11.14.0) ##### Features - [`45fc5e0`](npm/cli@45fc5e0) [#9288](npm/cli#9288) add allow-directory, allow-file, and allow-remote ([#9288](npm/cli#9288)) ([@github-actions](https://github.com/github-actions)\[bot], [@wraithgar](https://github.com/wraithgar)) ##### Bug Fixes - [`6c17544`](npm/cli@6c17544) [#9318](npm/cli#9318) sbom: dedupe per-node dependsOn / relationships ([#9318](npm/cli#9318)) ([@github-actions](https://github.com/github-actions)\[bot], [@mikaelkristiansson](https://github.com/mikaelkristiansson)) ##### Dependencies - [`840fe18`](npm/cli@840fe18) [#9322](npm/cli#9322) `socks@10.1.1` - [`b771289`](npm/cli@b771289) [#9322](npm/cli#9322) `ip-address@10.1.1` - [`addffcb`](npm/cli@addffcb) [#9322](npm/cli#9322) `cidr-regex@5.0.5` ##### Chores - [`041fd58`](npm/cli@041fd58) [#9322](npm/cli#9322) dev dependency updates ([@owlstronaut](https://github.com/owlstronaut)) - [`89c505a`](npm/cli@89c505a) [#9320](npm/cli#9320) add cli-triage team as codeowner ([#9320](npm/cli#9320)) ([@github-actions](https://github.com/github-actions)\[bot], [@owlstronaut](https://github.com/owlstronaut)) - [workspace](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/arborist-v9.5.0): `@npmcli/arborist@9.5.0` - [workspace](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/config-v10.9.0): `@npmcli/config@10.9.0` - [workspace](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/libnpmdiff-v8.1.7): `libnpmdiff@8.1.7` - [workspace](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/libnpmexec-v10.2.7): `libnpmexec@10.2.7` - [workspace](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/libnpmfund-v7.0.21): `libnpmfund@7.0.21` - [workspace](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/libnpmpack-v9.1.7): `libnpmpack@9.1.7` ##### [v11.13.0](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/v11.13.0) ##### Features - [`8e8dadb`](npm/cli@8e8dadb) [#9246](npm/cli#9246) add `u` as alias for `update` command ([#9246](npm/cli#9246)) ([@github-actions](https://github.com/github-actions)\[bot], [@Ausoj](https://github.com/Ausoj)) ##### Bug Fixes - [`ecd161b`](npm/cli@ecd161b) [#9258](npm/cli#9258) ignore intended error code ([@owlstronaut](https://github.com/owlstronaut)) ##### Dependencies - [`8d2fdcd`](npm/cli@8d2fdcd) [#9272](npm/cli#9272) `lru-cache@11.3.5` - [`e603d36`](npm/cli@e603d36) [#9272](npm/cli#9272) `node-gyp@12.3.0` - [`d48b7da`](npm/cli@d48b7da) [#9272](npm/cli#9272) `is-cidr@6.0.4` - [`032a5ca`](npm/cli@032a5ca) [#9240](npm/cli#9240) `@sigstore/protobuf-specs@0.5.1` - [`33a81e7`](npm/cli@33a81e7) [#9240](npm/cli#9240) `tinyglobby@0.2.16` - [`68dc4a0`](npm/cli@68dc4a0) [#9240](npm/cli#9240) `picomatch@4.0.4` - [`1bb6703`](npm/cli@1bb6703) [#9240](npm/cli#9240) `lru-cache@11.3.3` - [`37059e4`](npm/cli@37059e4) [#9240](npm/cli#9240) `diff@8.0.4` - [`fb450ab`](npm/cli@fb450ab) [#9240](npm/cli#9240) `minimatch@10.2.5` - [`7c4bbbf`](npm/cli@7c4bbbf) [#9240](npm/cli#9240) `tar@7.5.13` - [`703a3bc`](npm/cli@703a3bc) [#9240](npm/cli#9240) `minipass-flush@1.0.6` ##### Chores - [`e0724ac`](npm/cli@e0724ac) [#9272](npm/cli#9272) dev dependency updates ([@owlstronaut](https://github.com/owlstronaut)) - [`d249341`](npm/cli@d249341) [#9230](npm/cli#9230) don't run npm update in CI ([@owlstronaut](https://github.com/owlstronaut)) - [workspace](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/arborist-v9.4.3): `@npmcli/arborist@9.4.3` - [workspace](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/libnpmdiff-v8.1.6): `libnpmdiff@8.1.6` - [workspace](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/libnpmexec-v10.2.6): `libnpmexec@10.2.6` - [workspace](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/libnpmfund-v7.0.20): `libnpmfund@7.0.20` - [workspace](https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/libnpmpack-v9.1.6): `libnpmpack@9.1.6`
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Backport of #9153 to
release/v11.